![]() In Simmel’s usage the term “social circle” (which Bendix translated as “group”) referred to any kind of social aggregate, from the most intimate primary group to the community and from involuntary social groups to voluntary associations (Simmel 1955, pp. There are special problems of definition with respect to affiliative cross pressures. 178) calls “social transition.” The term covers both vertical and horizontal mobility, as well as certain processes of culture change, i.e., acculturation and cultural evolution. While the causes of attitudinal cross pressure include a large variety of social, individual, and situational factors, the etiology of all kinds of affiliative cross pressure reduces itself to what Riecken (1959, p. If this assumption of objective social reality were not made, there would be no reason to treat cross pressure as a special phenomenon apart from the general field of internal psychological conflict. Again, the voting preferences a person imputes to friends or business associates must be their real voting preferences. ![]() In the case of affiliative cross pressure, the attitudes which the individual imputes to his various relevant groups must actually be the attitudes which characterize them. To illustrate, the specific domestic policies which motivate a person to vote for a political party must actually be the policies of that party or at least the policies which public opinion generally attributes to that party, not merely those the individual alone attributes to it. That is, in the case of attitudinal cross pressure the conditions to which the individual responds must have objective reality. This implies that the sources of cross pressures are part of the social world. The concept of cross pressure is typically used to link the choice-behavior of individuals to social processes. In attitudinal conflict the individual is assumed to be striving for consistency between his actions and the various relevant parts of his attitude structure, whereas in affiliative conflict he is trying to adjust satisfactorily to various relevant parts of his social environment. While the two types of cross pressure are not mutually exclusive and frequently occur together, they are based on different psychological mechanisms. If his personal friends belong to one party and his business associates to another, his voting choice may be subject to affiliatwe cross pressure. If a voter who generally agrees with the foreign policy of one party prefers another party’s domestic policy, his voting decision will be affected by attitudinal cross pres-sure. These two types of conflict can be illustrated by voting behavior, the field of study to which the cross-pressure hypothesis has most frequently been applied. Affiliative conflict can result from a person’s attachment to several groups which have preferences for different alternatives. ![]() ![]() Attitudinal conflict may occur when a person is faced with a choice between alternative beliefs or courses of action under conditions which bring into play attitudes motivating different and opposing choices. Two broad categories of such conflicts can be distinguished-attitudinal and affiliative. Cross pressure refers to that social situation in which an intrapersonal conflict arises when the motives affecting a decision are incompatible.
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